Heart Failure or Lung Disease? A Clinical Approach to Differentiating Dyspnea with AGM100 Breathlessness is one of the most common and most diagnostically ambiguous complaints seen across Indian outpatient departments, inpatient wards, and emergency rooms. It is also one of the few symptoms shared almost equally by cardiology and pulmonology: a patient in acute distress […]

Early Sarcoidosis Detection via Non-Invasive Gas Exchange Executive Summary Pulmonary sarcoidosis remains a diagnostic challenge, particularly in its early phases (Scadding Stage I and II), where structural damage has not yet manifested in lung volume loss. Conventional diagnostic pathways, relying heavily on spirometry and chest radiography, often suffer from “diagnostic latency,” failing to identify the

Why Early Gas Exchange Assessment Matters in Clinical Practice Overview Hantavirus infection remains one of the most underrecognized yet clinically lethal zoonotic viral illnesses in modern medicine. Its significance lies in how rapidly a nonspecific febrile illness can transition into severe pulmonary compromise, often before traditional respiratory warning signs become apparent on conventional monitoring. Hantavirus

Executive Summary   End-tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂) is an essential yet often underutilised parameter in respiratory diagnostics. It provides real-time, non-invasive insights into pulmonary ventilation, perfusion, and metabolic function, making it a powerful tool for the early detection of respiratory diseases. Unlike traditional diagnostic methods such as arterial blood gas (ABG) tests, pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and

Introduction Interstitial lung disease (ILD), also known as Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia (IIP), is a broad category encompassing a variety of conditions that cause the lungs to become scarred or fibrotic. This scarring stiffens the lungs, making it difficult to breathe and reducing oxygen intake. Consequently, individuals with ILD often experience shortness of breath, coughing, and